Abstract
Background & Objective: Infertility affects one in every six couples and one out of ten couples may seek fertility treatment such as ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise and stress affect reproductive performance, also during assisted reproduction. With respect to diet, several dietary factors (i.e. micro-, macro-nutrients and individual food groups) have been associated with the risk of subfertility; however, more information is needed on the role of dietary factors in reproductive health. A more comprehensive approach to investigate the associations between dietary factors and health outcomes is to assess the impact of the overall diet rather than separate foods or nutrients. However, evidence concerning the association between dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), and fertility is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present doctoral dissertation was to investigate the relationship bet ...
Background & Objective: Infertility affects one in every six couples and one out of ten couples may seek fertility treatment such as ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise and stress affect reproductive performance, also during assisted reproduction. With respect to diet, several dietary factors (i.e. micro-, macro-nutrients and individual food groups) have been associated with the risk of subfertility; however, more information is needed on the role of dietary factors in reproductive health. A more comprehensive approach to investigate the associations between dietary factors and health outcomes is to assess the impact of the overall diet rather than separate foods or nutrients. However, evidence concerning the association between dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), and fertility is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present doctoral dissertation was to investigate the relationship between preconception adherence to the MD and assisted reproduction performance. In particular, the study aimed at investigating associations between adherence to the MD, semen quality parameters, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinical outcomes among couples attempting fertility. Moreover, given the fact that follicular fluid (FF) composition influence ARTs outcome, to assess the potential interrelationship of FF biomarkers (i.e. activin-A inhibin-B, follistatin, adiponectin and FF antioxidant capacity) with dietary habits and IVF outcomes. Methodological Design: This prospective cohort study included 244 infertile couples undergoing a first IVF treatment in an Assisted Conception Unit in Athens, Greece, between November 2013 and September 2016. At enrollment, both men and women completed detailed questionnaires requesting information on demographics, reproductive health, medical history and lifestyle factors, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Diet was assessed before the IVF treatment via a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Adherence to the MD was assessed through the MedDietScore (range: 0–55), with higher scores indicating greater adherence. Semen quality was evaluated according to World Health Organization 2010. Intermediate IVF outcomes (oocyte yield, fertilization rate and embryo quality measures) and clinical endpoints (implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth) were abstracted from electronic medical records. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard procedures in FF samples collected from the dominant follicle of 86 women. Associations between MedDietScore and semen quality parameters, as well as between MedDietScore, IVF treatment outcomes and FF biomarkers were tested in multivariable models adjusted for several potential confounders. Results: Compared to men with the highest adherence to the MD (highest tertile of the MedDietScore), a higher percentage of men adhering less closely to the MD (lowest tertile of the MedDietScore) exhibited below the WHO reference values for sperm concentration (47.4% vs. 16.7%, P<0.001), total count (55.3% vs. 22.7%, P<0.001), sperm total and progressive motility (65.8% vs. 31.8% and 84.2 vs. 62.1%, P≤0.01) and sperm morphology (50.0 vs. 28.8%, P=0.02). In the multivariable adjusted models, men in the lowest vs. highest tertile of the MedDietScore had ~2.6 times higher likelihood of having abnormal sperm concentration, total sperm count and motility. Out of the 244 infertile women, 229 (93.9%) had an embryo transfer, 138 (56.5%) had a successful implantation, 104 (42.6%) achieved a clinical pregnancy and 99 (40.5%) gave live birth. No significant association of MedDietScore with total oocyte yield, embryo quality measures or successful implantation was observed; however, compared with women in the highest tertile of the MedDietScore, women in the lowest tertile had significantly lower rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth (29.1 vs. 50.0% and 26.6 vs. 48.8%, respectively, P=0.01). The multivariable-adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) for clinical pregnancy comparing women in the lowest with women in the highest tertile of the MedDietScore was 0.35 (0.16-0.78; P-trend=0.01), and for live birth it was 0.32 (0.14-0.71; P-trend <0.01). These associations were significantly modified by women’s age (P-interaction <0.01 for both outcomes). MedDietScore was positively related to clinical pregnancy and live birth among women <35 years old (P≤0.01) but not among women ≥35 years. Among women <35 years, a beneficial 5-point increase in the MedDietScore was associated with ~2.7 times higher likelihood of achieving clinical pregnancy and live birth. No association was observed between MedDietScore and either FF activin-A, inhibin-B, follistatin, and adiponectin levels, or the antioxidant capacity of FF. However, a positive association of FF inhibin-B and follistatin levels with oocyte/embryo yield and quality was observed (P≤0.05), while higher FF activin-A levels were associated with an increased probability of implantation and clinical pregnancy [adj. relative risk (95% confidence interval) for every 10 pg/ml increment: 1.58 (1.03-2.45) and 1.69 (1.08-2.62), respectively)]. Discussion: Results suggest that greater compliance to the MD may help improve semen quality, at least among men from couples with infertility problems; however, whether this translates into differences in male fertility remains to be elucidated. In addition, results suggest that greater adherence to the MD may help increase the chances of successful pregnancy and delivering a live baby in women undergoing IVF treatment. These findings are consistent with recent findings among men and women of subfertile couples in other populations showing that dietary patterns with some of the characteristics of the MD are associated with better measures of semen quality and with higher chances of live birth. Overall, findings of the present study emphasize the importance of nutrition and of diet quality on human fertility and support a beneficial role of MD in reproductive health. A potential link between MD and FF hormone levels of the activin/inhibin/follistatin system was not evident; however, whether such biological markers may serve as useful indices of assisted reproduction outcomes warrants further investigation.
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