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A-synuclein is a protein of 140 amino acids, which is encoded by the gene SNCA and expressed mainly in the presynaptic terminal of the dopaminergic neurons of the substancia nigra pars compacta in the basal ganglia of the human brain. Its accumulation in the internal of the neurons results in their degeneration and the manifestation of Parkinson’s disease. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in modeling human diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders because of the high conservation of essential mechanisms in the sub-cellular level between yeast and neurons. The aim of this dissertation was to establish a model of Parkinson's disease by transferring α-synuclein gene forms to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the subsequent study of α-synuclein interaction with yeast metabolic pathways implicated in the trehalose biosynthesis and factors that the latter regulates. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide which is found in a plethora of organisms in the nature, including yeasts. It is cha ...
A-synuclein is a protein of 140 amino acids, which is encoded by the gene SNCA and expressed mainly in the presynaptic terminal of the dopaminergic neurons of the substancia nigra pars compacta in the basal ganglia of the human brain. Its accumulation in the internal of the neurons results in their degeneration and the manifestation of Parkinson’s disease. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in modeling human diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders because of the high conservation of essential mechanisms in the sub-cellular level between yeast and neurons. The aim of this dissertation was to establish a model of Parkinson's disease by transferring α-synuclein gene forms to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the subsequent study of α-synuclein interaction with yeast metabolic pathways implicated in the trehalose biosynthesis and factors that the latter regulates. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide which is found in a plethora of organisms in the nature, including yeasts. It is characterized by its ability to maintain proteins in the right folded formation and inhibit the formation of protein aggregates, while assisting in the confrontation of many kinds of cell stress. In the results of this work all available forms of α-synuclein genes were transferred in yeast cells and their expression was confirmed and it has been shown that the protein is not a toxic agent for yeast in the first 24 hours of its life, whereas toxic phenotypes replicated reliably either by the exogenous use of 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) or by yeast cell chronological aging in combination with the expression of α-synuclein. During the viability studies, the high external osmolarity (HEO) condition in the cells was carried out in order to increase the life span of the yeasts in chronological aging and the treatment favored cell viability in the presence as well as in the absence of SNCA. Afterwards, a gradual increase in α-synuclein expression levels in the four cell growth phases was confirmed, where only initial accumulation of α-synuclein was observed in the chronological aging phenotype. Under these observations, gene expression studies were taken place and as resulted of these experiments, in the chronological aging phase, suppression phenomena from the expression of α-synuclein in the transcriptional levels of trehalose’s synthase were observed, although the stimulus for the production of trehalose was increased. In addition, decreased transcriptionals levels in the mechanism of autophagy were detected by the continuous and increasing expression of SNCA. Subsequently, the studies were extended to mutant strains of S. cerevisiae for the three studied trehalose metabolism genes, tps1Δ, tps2Δ and ts11Δ. In tps1Δ, trehalose biosynthesis is impossible and throughout the study it has shown toxicity to the presence of α-synuclein with elevated levels of SNCA expression, decreased viability, particularly in chronological aging, and cytoplasmic aggregates from the exponential growth phase. Gene expression studies revealed elevated expression levels of some of the studied genes in the exponential phase as a response to stress and suppressed expression levels in the distal growth phases indicating the toxic ending of the cells. These indications showed that the HEO condition was unable to improve the viability of the cells in the absence of trehalose synthase. Respectively for tps2Δ cells, which do not biosynthesize trehalose phosphatase and accumulate 6-phospho-trehalose as a by-product, the viability studies in the presence of α-synuclein showed significant suppression and toxic effects in stable expression of the protein in all growth phases, while a global appearance of cytoplasmic inclusions was observed in all growth phases, highlighting the most toxic phenomenon. Furthemore, a generalized suppression of the expression in most of the studied genes in the presence of α-synuclein was observed, revealing toxic effects on the metabolic profile of the cells and the necessity of phosphatase to fill the HEO condition. Finally, in the tsl1Δ strain, in which the trehalose biosynthesis complex partially lost its sensitivity, the phenomena observed by α-synuclein expression were very mild, without greatly decreasing the viability of the cells, without cytoplasmic aggregates of the protein, but with a fall in SNCA expression in the static phase, which may explain the non-toxic phenotype and the balanced gene expression levels. Additionally, it was noticed that the HEO condition can act without the Tsl1p molecule. With the therapeutic intervention with exogenous trehalose in all of the studied cells in the static phase, cell viability increased and the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that the cells previously carried degraded. From the gene expression studies it appeared that trehalose triggered transcriptionally the autophagy mechanism in wild-type cells, but this was impossible to take place in tps1Δ cells, noting the importance of trehalose synthase as a molecule necessary for the transcriptional activation of the autophagy mechanism. The last step of the present study was the investigation of α-synuclein protein interactions with yeast proteins. For this purpose, a chimeric α-synuclein that had been overexpressed, was interfaced with total protein lysates from wild type yeast cells and tps1Δ mutant cells. The molecule identified primarily to interact with α-synuclein was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and secondarily fructose diphosphate aldolase. These proteins appear to play important roles in many cellular pathways of S. cerevisiae cells.
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