Φαινοτυπική και διαγνωστική προσέγγιση γενετικών συνδρόμων: καταγραφή και ομαδοποίηση σε ηλεκτρονική βάση δεδομένων

Περίληψη

Οι συγγενείς ανωμαλίες είναι μορφολογικές ή δομικές ανωμαλίες που εμφανίζονται στη γέννηση ή και αργότερα. Διακρίνονται σε μείζονες και σε ελάσσονες με συχνότητα εμφάνισης 3 με 4% στο σύνολο των νεογνών και κατέχουν πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο στην αιτιολογία της βρεφικής θνησιμότητας. Περίπου στο 40% των περιπτώσεων είναι γενετικής ή περιβαλλοντικής αιτιολογίας. Συγκεκριμένα ποσοστό περίπου 7.5% αφορά μονογονιδιακά νοσήματα, 6% χρωμοσωμικές ανωμαλίες και 5% ανωμαλίες περιβαλλοντικής αιτιολογίας. Το υπόλοιπο 20% αφορά ανωμαλίες πολυπαραγοντικής αιτιολογίας όπου συνδυάζονται τόσο γενετικοί όσο και περιβαλλοντικοί παράγοντες. Παρά την πρόοδο της Γενετικής επιστήμης, στο 40 με 60% των περιπτώσεων συγγενών ανωμαλιών δεν είναι δυνατό να διευκρινισθεί η αιτιολογία τους. Οι συγγενείς ανωμαλίες διακρίνονται σε μονήρεις ή πολλαπλές ενώ ανάλογα με το στάδιο της εμβρυογένεσης κατά το οποίο προκλήθηκε η βλάβη σε δυσμορφίες, διασπάσεις, παραμορφώσεις, δυσπλασίες. Παράγοντες κινδύνου για την εμφάνιση ανωμαλ ...

Όλα τα τεκμήρια στο ΕΑΔΔ προστατεύονται από πνευματικά δικαιώματα.

Congenital anomalies or birth defects are morphological or structural abnormalities that are presented at birth or even later. They are distinguished in major and minor anomalies and their incidence ranges between 3-4% of neonates, having a leading role in the etiology of infantile mortality. In approximately 40% of cases they are caused by genetic or environmental factors. It is estimated that single gene defects are the cause of about 7.5% of all congenital anomalies, 6% are associated with chromosomal abnormalities and 5% with environmental causes. An additional 20% of all malformations are due to multifactorial etiology, where there is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the progress of Genetics, in 40-60% of cases of congenital anomalies it is not possible to clarify the exact etiology. Congenital anomalies are distinguished in single or multiple system defects. According to the embryological stage at which the damage is done they are classified in malformations, disruptions, deformations and dysplasias. Risk factors for the appearance of anomalies are advanced maternal and paternal age, inbreeding, twin gestations, while there is no accordance in the literature regarding the various techniques used in assisted reproduction. Nowadays secondary prevention of birth defects is of particular importance. This concerns detection at the prenatal period with the utilisation of serological testing in pregnancy and invasive methods, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling, while the ultrasound control is considered the method of choice. Prenatal detection of congenital anomalies offers better follow-up of the gestation and provides information regarding prognosis and decision for an elective abortion. In the present retrospective study, medical information related to genetic diseases of patients referred for evaluation in the Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the University of Athens in the time period 1996-2002, was recorded in an electronic database. Clustering in groups of the dyspmorphic syndromes that were identified was performed, as well as evaluation of the information resulting from the processing of the data recorded in the electronic database. This study included 1002 patients that were referred for genetic evaluation because of congenital anomalies with or without mental retardation. Medical history, congenital anomalies, laboratory evaluation (cytogenetic, molecular analysis, congenital infections, metabolic and radiological control) were recorded. The data collected were processed using the electronic database created with the program Microsoft Access 2000. The aetiology of congenital anomalies was revealed in 429 patients (42.8%) and was attributed to genetic syndromes (39.9%), environmental factors (0.6%) and in anomalies of multifactorial aetiology (2.3%). In 519 patients (51.8%) the cause of congenital anomalies was not identified, while 54 patients were excluded from the study due to minor anomalies, constituting polymorphic variants or physiologic traits...
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