Περίληψη
Στην παρούσα μελέτη υπολογίστηκε το ενεργειακό ισοζύγιο, το ανθρακικό αποτύπωμα και το υδατικό αποτύπωμα σε καλλιέργειες τριών διαφορετικών ειδών, (μήλο, αμπέλι και ακτινίδιο), τριών διαφορετικών γεωργικών συστημάτων (συμβατικά, ολοκληρωμένης διαχείρισης και βιολογικά), τα οποία βρίσκονταν εντός και εκτός περιοχών του δικτύου Natura. Πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση των αγροκτημάτων εντός και εκτός των περιοχών του δικτύου Natura ως προς τους παραπάνω συντελεστές. Παράλληλα, καθορίστηκαν τρεις Βιο-Δείκτες (αποτελεσματικότητα ενέργειας, ισοδύναμο CO2/kg καρπού και χρησιμοποιούμενο νερό/kg καρπού), προκειμένου να προκύψουν ομαδοποιήσεις των αγροκτημάτων, να εξεταστεί η δυνατότητα επιλογής του βέλτιστου είδους και συστήματος για τις υπό μελέτη περιοχές και τέλος να επιτευχθεί η κατηγοριοποίηση τυχαίων παραγωγών στις Ομάδες που προκύπτουν με βάση τους τρεις αυτούς Βιο-Δείκτες. Η παρούσα μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά τα έτη 2011 έως 2013 στο νομό Πέλλας και συγκεκριμένα στην περιοχή της Άρνισσας, ...
Όλα τα τεκμήρια στο ΕΑΔΔ προστατεύονται από πνευματικά δικαιώματα.
Energy budget, carbon footprint, and water footprint were estimated for organic, conventional and integrated vineyards, apple, and kiwi orchards located in and out of Natura 2000 areas, in the prefecture of Pella, northern Greece, over a period of 2 years (2011 to 2013). Also, three Biological Indicators (Energy efficiency, CO2-equivalent and water footprint) were determined in order to reveal groups of orchards on the basis of their similarities to the above Indicators. Forty-one farms were selected with proportional stratified random sampling in order to complete the research. The ANOVA method was applied and revealed no significant statistical differences between the production coefficients concerning the location (in and out of Natura 200 sites), statistical differences between 9 production coefficients concerning the kind (fertilizers, fungicides, pesticides, insecticides, irrigation shoring of branches, inputs energy consumption and total water), 2 production coefficients concern ...
Energy budget, carbon footprint, and water footprint were estimated for organic, conventional and integrated vineyards, apple, and kiwi orchards located in and out of Natura 2000 areas, in the prefecture of Pella, northern Greece, over a period of 2 years (2011 to 2013). Also, three Biological Indicators (Energy efficiency, CO2-equivalent and water footprint) were determined in order to reveal groups of orchards on the basis of their similarities to the above Indicators. Forty-one farms were selected with proportional stratified random sampling in order to complete the research. The ANOVA method was applied and revealed no significant statistical differences between the production coefficients concerning the location (in and out of Natura 200 sites), statistical differences between 9 production coefficients concerning the kind (fertilizers, fungicides, pesticides, insecticides, irrigation shoring of branches, inputs energy consumption and total water), 2 production coefficients concerning management practices (fungicides and pesticides) and 5 production coefficients concerning the interaction between kind and practices (fungicides, pesticides, irrigation, shoring of branches and total water). No statistical differences were revealed for 9 production coefficients concerning kind, group or the interaction (human labour, machinery, diesel, outputs, energy productivity, energy intensity, CO2, CH4, and N2O). The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis method was applied and revealed three main groups of orchards and vineyards. In descending order, the highest contributors in cluster were CO2-equivalent, energy efficiency, and water footprint. Group 1 had statistically significant higher energy efficiency than Groups 2 and 3. Mean values for CO2-equivalent per fruit production of Group 3 were significantly high, intermediate for Group 2 and low for Group 1. For Group 2 mean values for water per fruit production were significantly high, intermediate for Group 1 and low for Group 3. Most of the variables showed statistically significant differences. Altitude was significantly lower in Group 2, while Groups 1 and 3 were the higher. Labour and diesel were the highest in Group 3, while in Groups 1 and 2 were the lowest. Fungicides were significantly higher in Group 1, while Groups 2 and 3 were the lower. Group 3 had the lowest weed control, while Group 1 had the highest irrigation and total water inputs were significantly lower in Group 3, while Groups 1 and 2 were the higher. Branches shoring, intensity and energy consumption were the lowest in Group 1, intermediate in Group 2, and high in Group 3. Finally, mean values for energy outputs and energy productivity were significantly significant low in Group 3, intermediate in Group 2 and high in Group 1. The largest contributors for gas emissions were fuels, soils and fertilizers. Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) were highest in Group 3, while in Groups 1 and 2 were the lowest. From the above we conclude that the Group 1 had the lowest CO2-equivalent, highest energy efficiency, intermediate water footprint and the best environmental advantages. Consequently, the above agro-environmental indices are useful to decision makers for seeking crops and farming systems in order to regulate the fragile balance between Natura 2000 sites and agriculture.
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