Background informationWhole Body Counters (WBC) are widely used for biomedical and radiation protection purposes, aiming at the detection and quantification of gamma emitting, radionuclides located in the body and in some cases the determination of their bio-distribution. The measured radionuclides are present in the organism either as naturally occurring ones or as a result of medical procedures or as contamination material that entered into the living organism through various pathways, e.g. intravenous injection, inhalation, ingestion. A prototype, shadow shield, moving bed WBC was installed at the University of Ioannina Medical Physics Laboratory. Radiation detection is carried out by fourteen cylindrical NaI(Tl) detectors with nominal dimensions 15.7 cm × 5.0 cm, located in groups of seven above and below the examination bed and two cylindrical NaI(Tl) detectors with nominal dimensions 29.2 cm × 10.2 cm located in special recesses on the right and on the left sides of the scanning bed.Scope of the studyScope of the present study was the detailed investigation of the parameters affecting the WBC measurement precision and accuracy and the development and implementation of methods to improve them. A novel counter calibration method was developed based on mathematical modeling of the counter and phantom configuration. The improved WBC effectiveness was tested by measurements carried out in volunteers.MethodMeasurements were conducted on anthropomorphic phantoms composed of plastic bottles that contained 40Κ, 137Cs and 99mTc solutions in water and a set of 50 adult volunteers of various ages and body structures. Measurements were supported by Monte Carlo simulations of the WBC system performed using MCNP code. The accuracy of the MCNP calculations were tested against experimental results in physical phantoms and agreement was observed with theoretical predictions. ResultsPreliminary measurements carried out on a healthy individual with estimated total body potassium of 143g showed short-term coefficient of variation of 5.3%, approximately two times higher than the corresponding theoretical value. It was found that the poor measurement precision correlated with the variation of radon and its daughter products concentration in the air of the counting room. Two methods were developed to improve precision. First, a correction factor was applied on the registered counts in the regions of interest (RoI) based on the measured counts found in the 1764 keV (214Bi presented) spectrum area. Second, a ventilation system was installed in the WBC room, aiming at the reduction and stabilization of radon levels in the area. As a result, the measurements coefficient of variation of both phantoms and individuals was decreased to 2.96%. Different gamma spectrum analysis methods were studied for the determination of the registered counts in the areas around the 661 keV and 1460 keV peaks. It was found that in measurements of low level radioactivity, the optimal precision was obtained by simple summing of the counts in the regions of interest, using a symmetrical window of 1.23 times FWHM and 1.28 times FWHM width for the two peaks respectively. It was found that the counter detection performance was reduced when the system dead time is higher than 25%.Simulations, performed to study the WBC efficiency dependence with the examinee body size and checked with experimental measurements in phantoms, showed differences in the detection efficiency of photons of 662 keV and 1460 keV energy, according to the body size, that approximate 35% and 24% respectively. Moreover, it was found that extreme alterations in the body density led to efficiency variations of 4.5% for 1460 keV photon detection.The developed methods were applied for in vivo measurements of 51 adult volunteers for the determination of the total body 40Κ and 214Bi quantity in the body, in 2 patients who were injected with 153Sm for the determination of long-term radioactive impurities in the provided pharmaceutical and radiation protection measurements in occupationally exposed workers.ConclusionsIt was found that the system precision was affected by the variation of radon and its daughter products air activity concentration variation in the WBC room. Implementation of both room ventilation and semi-empirical correction factor derived by Monte Carlo simulations of the WBC and phantom system improved significantly the coefficient of variation the measurement of 40K in adult volunteers.Optimal precision results were achieved by simple summing of the counts in the regions of interest, using a symmetrical window of 1.23 times FWHM and 1.28 times FWHM width for the 137Cs and 40K peaks respectively. It was also found that the counter detection performance was reduced when the system dead time is higher than 25% and therefore an upper count-rate detection level was set. The system simulations showed differences in the detection efficiency of photons of 662 keV and 1460 keV energy, according to the body size, that approximate 35% and 24% respectively, whereas extreme alterations in the body density result in efficiency variations of 4.5% for 1460 keV photon detection.The improved prototype Ioannina WBC was used for the measurement of whole body potassium of adult volunteers, detection and quantification of radioactive impurities in 153Sm treated patients and evaluation of 99mTc contamination in occupationally exposed hospital personnel.
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DOI | 10.12681/eadd/35271 | Διεύθυνση Handle | http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/35271 | ND | 35271 | Εναλλακτικός τίτλος | Development and application of radionuclide measurement methods with whole body counter
| Συγγραφέας | Βαλάκης, Στράτος (Πατρώνυμο: Θωμάς) | Ημερομηνία | 2013 |
Ίδρυμα | Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων. Σχολή Ιατρικής. Τμήμα Ιατρικής. Τομέας Μορφολογικός - Κλινικοεργαστηριακός. Εργαστήριο Ιατρικής Φυσικής |
Εξεταστική επιτροπή | Καλέφ-Εζρά Τζων Φωτόπουλος Ανδρέας Σταματελάτος Ίωνας Αργυροπούλου Μαρία Κάππας Κωνσταντίνος Θεοδώρου Κυριακή Ιωαννίδης Κωνσταντίνος Λεοντίου Ιωάννης |
Επιστημονικό πεδίο | Φυσικές Επιστήμες Φυσική Ιατρική και Επιστήμες Υγείας |
Λέξεις-κλειδιά | Μετρητής ολόσωμης ακτινοβολίας; Γάμμα φασματοσκοπία; Τεχνική Monte Carlo; Πυρηνικά ηλεκτρονικά; Μέθοδοι ανάλυσης φάσματος; Μέθοδοι ελέγχου και βαθμονόμησης μετρητών ολόσωμης ακτινοβολίας; In vivo μετρήσεις ολόσωμου καλίου; Ακτινοπροστασία | Χώρα | Ελλάδα |
Γλώσσα | Ελληνικά |
Άλλα στοιχεία | 245 σ., εικ., πιν., σχημ. |
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