Μελέτη των παραγόντων που επιδρούν στο σχηματισμό των βιο-υμενίων από μικροοργανισμούς των τροφίμων

Περίληψη

Στη βιομηχανία τροφίμων, τα βιο-υμένια αλλοιογόνων και παθογόνων μικροοργανισμών που σχηματίζονται πάνω στις επιφάνειες που έρχονται σε επαφή με τρόφιμα, εμπλέκονται σε προβλήματα μίανσης των τροφίμων που οδηγούν στη μείωση της διάρκειας ζωής των προϊόντων και στη μετάδοση λοιμώξεων. Εν τούτοις, τα βιο-υμένια δεν προκαλούν πάντα προβλήματα, ενώ μερικές φορές ο σχηματισμός τους θεωρείται χρήσιμος. Έτσι, στη βιομηχανία ζυμούμενων τροφίμων, η εγκατάσταση και διατήρηση μιας «προστατευτικής» μικροχλωρίδας (ή ενός «προστατευτικού» βιο-υμενίου) πάνω σε επιφάνειες του βιομηχανικού εξοπλισμού, συνιστά μια νέα υγειονομική προσέγγιση προκειμένου να αποτραπεί η προσκόλληση και ο πολλαπλασιασμός ανεπιθύμητων μικροοργανισμών. Ο Lactococcus lactis αποτελεί έναν καλό υποψήφιο μικροοργανισμό για το σχηματισμό προστατευτικών βιο-υμενίων. Η μικροβιακή προσκόλληση σε επιφάνειες είναι το πρώτο βήμα στο σχηματισμό ενός βιο-υμενίου και συνιστά μια σύνθετη διαδικασία που επηρεάζεται από πολλούς παράγοντες, με ...
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Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα

In the food industry, the biofilms of both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, formed on food-contact surfaces, are related to problems of food contamination, which lead to lowered shelf life of products and transmission of diseases. However, not all biofilms cause problems, while sometimes their formation is thought to be useful. Thus, in the industry of fermented foods, a novel hygienic approach could consist in the settlement and maintain of a “protective” microflora (or a “protective” biofilm) on workshop surfaces to prevent the adhesion and multiplication of undesirable microorganisms. Lactococcus lactis is a good candidate to form “positive” biofilms on food workshop surfaces. Microbial adhesion to surfaces is the first step for biofilm formation and consists a complex procedure which is affected by many parameters. Among them, the physicochemical properties of the three phases involved (bacteria, solid surface, and liquid medium) play a crucial role. Initially, in the present thes ...

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In the food industry, the biofilms of both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, formed on food-contact surfaces, are related to problems of food contamination, which lead to lowered shelf life of products and transmission of diseases. However, not all biofilms cause problems, while sometimes their formation is thought to be useful. Thus, in the industry of fermented foods, a novel hygienic approach could consist in the settlement and maintain of a “protective” microflora (or a “protective” biofilm) on workshop surfaces to prevent the adhesion and multiplication of undesirable microorganisms. Lactococcus lactis is a good candidate to form “positive” biofilms on food workshop surfaces. Microbial adhesion to surfaces is the first step for biofilm formation and consists a complex procedure which is affected by many parameters. Among them, the physicochemical properties of the three phases involved (bacteria, solid surface, and liquid medium) play a crucial role. Initially, in the present thesis, the variability of cell surface physicochemical properties among 50 natural L. lactis strains, which were previously isolated from different sources (dairy products, plants and animals), was studied. This was done in order to investigate the way this variability could influence the adhesion ability of strains on a model abiotic surface. The evaluation of surface hydrophobicity was done through affinity measurements of the cells for the apolar solvent hexadecane, while their global surface charge was measured with microelectrophoresis. The obtained results revealed an unexpected diversity of L. lactis cell surface properties. However, this diversity could not be linked to the origin or to the subspecies of the strains (lactis or cremoris). A global multivariate analysis allowed the definition of three distinct groups of strains: highly electronegative and hydrophilic (48%), hydrophobic (12%), strains with a reduced electronegativity (18%), and strains with intermediate properties (22%). Adhesion tests done under low ionic strength conditions revealed a significant correlation between adhesion, hydrophobicity and surface charge. Interestingly, the quantification of cell wall teichoic acids (WTAs) of the strains which presented low surface charge revealed that the cell wall of these strains contained lower amounts of WTAs, compared to the electronegative control strain MG1363. The majority of L. lactis strains exhibit highly electronegative surface. A decrease of the net negative charge of L. lactis cell surface could result in an increase of the adhesion of this bacterium to negatively charged surfaces (e.g. stainless steel, glass, polystyrene). In the present thesis, the net negative charge of L. lactis cell wall was attempted to be reduced through: (a) the increase of the esterification of teichoic acids with D-alanine, since the addition of D-alanine inserts positively charged amino groups to the otherwise negatively charged teichoic acids (due to their phosphate groups), and (b) the removal of wall teichoic acids. Thus, for the first attempt, two mutant strains of the laboratory strain L. lactis MG1363 were constructed, which overexpressed the operon responsible for teichoic acid D-alanylation (dit). In the first mutant strain, the four genes of the operon were cloned in a multicopy plasmid with their own native promoter, while in the second strain these four genes were cloned under the transcription control of nisin inducible promoter. Both mutant strains were found to present increased levels of D-alanine at their teichoic acids, without however observing any differences at the surface charge between the mutant and the control strains. In addition, adhesion assays on polystyrene microplates and on glass showed that the degree of teichoic acids D-alanylation did not influence the initial adhesion ability of this bacterium to these surfaces, but seemed to alter the subsequent biofilm formation ability. In order to remove the wall teichoic acids in L. lactis MG1363, we tried to knock out a gene, homologous to the tagO gene of Bacillus subtilis, which has already been shown to encode the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the linkage unit of teichoic acids to peptidoglycan. Efforts to inactivate this gene with single and double crossing over techniques were unsuccessful. In contrast, inactivation of this gene was possible when the homolog tagO gene of Staphylococcus aureus was also expressed in L. lactis, through its cloning on a thermosensitive plasmid vector. The obtained mutant strain was found to grow normally at 30°C, while its growth stopped after some generations at 37°C. Observation with transmission electron microscopy of the cells of the mutant strain at 37°C revealed that the inhibition of the synthesis of wall teichoic acids in L. lactis, seems to affect the cell division procedure. Thus, the effort to reduce the net surface electronegativity of L. lactis through construction of a strain devoid of cell wall teichoic acids was not possible, since these polymers appear to be essential for the viability of this bacterium Except from positive biofilms, spoilage and pathogenic bacteria can also form biofilms on whatever surface in food industry, if there is not an adequate cleaning and sanitation program. Of special importance is the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to be associated and grow on food - contact surfaces. In present thesis we studied the effect of some environmental parameters on biofilm formation from S. Enteritidis on stainless steel surface. Formed biofilms were quantified through detaching the cells from the surfaces and culturing them on agar plates, in parallel with conductance measurements. Initially, the high importance of the existence of the air - liquid interface for biofilm formation on stainless steel, was revealed. Periodical renewal of growth medium favored biofilm formation when the metal surfaces were totally covered. Subsequently, both methods revealed that biofilm formation is favored at 20°C, at the more neutral growth medium pH values and at low osmolarity. Finally, we studied the disinfection efficiency of some chemical compounds against biofilms, which were composed from useful, spoilage and pathogen foodborne bacteria. Three standard acid - base disinfectants (hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and sodium hydroxide) and three natural compounds (essential oil, decoction and hydrosol of Satureja thymbra) were tested against biofilms formed, either in monoculture, either in mixed culture, by Staphylococcus simulans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Pseudomonas putida, S. Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. Biofilms were left to be formed on stainless steel surfaces, at 16°C for 5 days, before disinfection treatments were applied for 60 and 180 minutes. Disinfection efficiency was evaluated by detaching the remaining viable biofilm cells and enumerating them by agar plating, as well as by conductance measurements. Both these two methods revealed that the essential oil and the hydrosol of S. thymbra exhibited strong antimicrobial action, against both monospecies and mixed-culture biofilms. Use of natural antimicrobial agents could provide alternative or supplemented ways for the disinfection of microbial contaminated industrial surfaces.
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DOI
10.12681/eadd/16162
Διεύθυνση Handle
http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/16162
ND
16162
Εναλλακτικός τίτλος
Study of parameters which influence biofilm formation by foodborne microorganisms
Συγγραφέας
Γκιαούρης, Ευστάθιος (Πατρώνυμο: Δ.)
Ημερομηνία
2008
Ίδρυμα
Γεωπονικό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών. Τμήμα Επιστήμης και Τεχνολογίας Τροφίμων. Εργαστήριο Μικροβιολογίας και Βιοτεχνολογίας Τροφίμων
Εξεταστική επιτροπή
Νυχάς Γεώργιος-Ιωάννης
Τσακαλίδου Ευθυμία
Δροσινός Ελευθέριος
Μπιλιαδέρης Κωνσταντίνος
Χαρουτουνιάν Σέρκος
Χατζόπουλος Πολυδεύκης
Σκανδάμης Παναγιώτης
Επιστημονικό πεδίο
Γεωπονικές Επιστήμες και ΚτηνιατρικήΓεωπονική Βιοτεχνολογία
Λέξεις-κλειδιά
Επιφανειακές φυσικοχημικές ιδιότητες; Οξέα, Τειχοϊκά; Μετρήσεις αγωγιμότητας; Ανοξείδωτος χάλυβας; Βιο-υμένια; Απολύμανση; Μονοκαλλιέργεια; ΜΙΚΤΗ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΑ; Αιθέρια έλαια; Υδροκολλοειδή
Χώρα
Ελλάδα
Γλώσσα
Ελληνικά
Άλλα στοιχεία
301 σ., εικ.
Στατιστικά χρήσης
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