Εθνικές ταυτότητες και εθνικοί ποιητές: συγκριτική προσέγγιση του έργου του Διονυσίου Σολωμού και του Naim Frasheri: τα καλλιτεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά και οι διαφορές μεταξύ τους

Abstract

This doctoral dissertation examines the role of national poetry in the formation of national identity through a comparative analysis of the works of two emblematic Balkan poets: Dionysios Solomos, the national poet of Greece, and Naim Frashëri, perhaps the foremost of the two perceived national poets of Albania. Despite the geographical proximity of their origins and their shared historical experience under the Ottoman rule, the similarities observed in their poetic works present a compelling research paradox, particularly in light of their temporal asynchrony and differing ideological and cultural contexts. The study focuses on four major works: Solomos’ Hymn to Liberty and The Free Besieged, and Frashëri’s The True Desire of the Albanians and Bucolic and Agricultural poems. Through a comparative approach, the research highlights both convergences and divergences in thematic concerns, poetic techniques, ideological orientations, and aesthetic choices. The theoretical framework draws upon key concepts from comparative literature, including Critical Theory, Cultural Poetics, Isomorphism Theory, and the Theory of Cultural Transfer. These approaches enable a departure from ethnocentric interpretations and facilitate the analysis of literary texts as products of complex socio-cultural and historical processes. The methodology employed is multi-layered, combining comparative, biographical and hermeneutic methods, as well as critical discourse analysis and historical-critical approaches. This synthetic methodological design allows for an in-depth exploration of the dynamic relationship between text, author and historical context. The findings are structured around five central thematic axes: language, nature, history, religion and culture. The study demonstrates that both poets employ vernacular language as a tool for the construction of a national identity, utilize nature as a symbolic and ideological space, interpret history as a carrier of collective memory and incorporate religion as a means of moral and spiritual cohesion. Furthermore, cultural tradition emerges as a foundational element in the construction of national identity. In conclusion, the dissertation reveals that, despite their differences, the two poets converge in a shared poetic strategy aimed at shaping and reinforcing national identity. The study contributes significantly to the understanding of the mechanisms through which literature participates in the construction of national narratives.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διερευνά τη συμβολή της εθνικής ποίησης στη διαμόρφωση της εθνικής ταυτότητας μέσα από μια συγκριτική ανάλυση του έργου δύο εμβληματικών ποιητών των Βαλκανίων: του Διονυσίου Σολωμού, εθνικού ποιητή της Ελλάδας, και του Naim Frashëri (Ναήμ Φράσσαρη), του πιο σημαντικού, ίσως, από τους δύο θεωρούμενους ως εθνικούς ποιητές της Αλβανίας. Παρά τη γεωγραφική εγγύτητα των περιοχών καταγωγής τους, καθώς και την κοινή ιστορική εμπειρία της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας, η ομοιότητα των έργων τους παρουσιάζει ένα ενδιαφέρον ερευνητικό παράδοξο, δεδομένης της χρονικής ασυγχρονίας και των διαφορετικών ιδεολογικών και πολιτισμικών πλαισίων μέσα στα οποία διαμορφώθηκαν. Η μελέτη εστιάζει σε τέσσερα βασικά έργα: τον Ύμνον εις την Ελευθερίαν και τους Ελεύθερους Πολιορκημένους του Σολωμού, καθώς και τα έργα Ο Αληθής Πόθος των Σκυπετάρων και Βουκολικά και Γεωργικά του Φράσσαρη. Μέσα από τη συγκριτική ανάλυση αναδεικνύονται τόσο οι συγκλίσεις όσο και οι αποκλίσεις στη θεματολογία, την ποιητική τεχνική, τις ιδεολογικές στοχεύσεις και τις αισθητικές επιλογές των δύο δημιουργών. Το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο της έρευνας βασίζεται σε σύγχρονες προσεγγίσεις της συγκριτικής γραμματολογίας, όπως η Κριτική Θεωρία, η Πολιτισμική Ποιητική, η Θεωρία του Ισομορφισμού και η Θεωρία της Πολιτισμικής Μεταφοράς. Οι θεωρίες αυτές επιτρέπουν την αποδέσμευση από εθνοκεντρικές ερμηνείες και συμβάλλουν στην κατανόηση των έργων ως προϊόντων σύνθετων κοινωνικών, πολιτισμικών και ιστορικών διεργασιών. Η μεθοδολογία της διατριβής είναι πολυεπίπεδη και περιλαμβάνει τη συγκριτική, βιογραφική και ερμηνευτική μέθοδο, καθώς και την κριτική ανάλυση λόγου και την ιστορικοκριτική προσέγγιση. Μέσω αυτών των μεθόδων εξετάζεται η διαλεκτική σχέση μεταξύ κειμένου, δημιουργού και ιστορικού πλαισίου. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας οργανώνονται γύρω από πέντε βασικούς άξονες: τη γλώσσα, τη φύση, την ιστορία, τη θρησκεία και την κουλτούρα. Διαπιστώνεται ότι και οι δύο ποιητές αξιοποιούν τη δημοτική γλώσσα ως μέσο εθνικής συνειδητοποίησης, τη φύση ως συμβολικό και ιδεολογικό πεδίο, την ιστορία ως φορέα συλλογικής μνήμης και τη θρησκεία ως στοιχείο ηθικής συγκρότησης. Παράλληλα, η πολιτισμική παράδοση λειτουργεί ως θεμέλιο της εθνικής συνείδησης. Συμπερασματικά, η διατριβή αναδεικνύει ότι, παρά τις διαφορές τους, οι δύο ποιητές συγκλίνουν σε μια κοινή ποιητική στρατηγική, η οποία αποσκοπεί στη συγκρότηση και ενίσχυση της εθνικής ταυτότητας. Η μελέτη συμβάλλει ουσιαστικά στην κατανόηση των μηχανισμών μέσω των οποίων η λογοτεχνία συμμετέχει στη διαμόρφωση των εθνικών αφηγημάτων.

Ky punim doktoral shqyrton rolin e poezisë kombëtare në formimin e identitetit kombëtar përmes një analize krahasuese të veprës së dy poetëve emblematikë të Ballkanit: Dionis Solomosit, poetit kombëtar të Greqisë, dhe Naim Frashërit, i konsideruar gjerësisht si poeti kombëtar i Shqipërisë. Pavarësisht afërsisë gjeografike të vendlindjes së tyre dhe përvojës së përbashkët historike nën sundimin osman, ngjashmëritë që vërehen në krijimtarinë e tyre poetike përbëjnë një paradoks të rëndësishëm kërkimor, sidomos po të merret parasysh asinkronia kohore dhe kontekstet e ndryshme ideologjike e kulturore në të cilat jetuan dhe krijuan. Studimi përqendrohet në katër vepra kryesore: Himni i Lirisë dhe Të Rrethuarit e Lirë të Solomosit, si dhe Dëshira e Vërtetë e Shqiptarëve dhe Bagëti e Bujqësia të Frashërit. Përmes një qasjeje krahasuese, kërkimi evidenton si pikat e përbashkëta, ashtu edhe dallimet në temat, teknikat poetike, orientimet ideologjike dhe zgjedhjet estetike të dy autorëve. Kuadri teorik mbështetet në koncepte themelore të letërsisë krahasuese, duke përfshirë Teorinë Kritike, Poetikën Kulturore, Teorinë e Izomorfizmit dhe Teorinë e Transferimit Kulturor. Këto qasje mundësojnë tejkalimin e interpretimeve etnocentrike dhe analizimin e teksteve letrare si produkte të proceseve komplekse historike, shoqërore dhe kulturore. Metodologjia e përdorur është shumëplanëshe dhe ndërthur metodën krahasuese, biografike dhe hermeneutike, si edhe analizën kritike të ligjërimit dhe qasjen historiko-kritike. Ky kombinim metodologjik mundëson një shqyrtim të thelluar të marrëdhënies dinamike ndërmjet tekstit, autorit dhe kontekstit historik. Rezultatet e studimit organizohen rreth pesë boshteve kryesore tematike: gjuha, natyra, historia, feja dhe kultura. Analiza tregon se të dy poetët përdorin gjuhën popullore si mjet për ndërtimin e identitetit kombëtar, e konceptojnë natyrën si hapësirë simbolike dhe ideologjike, e interpretojnë historinë si bartëse të kujtesës kolektive dhe e përfshijnë fenë si mjet të kohezionit moral dhe shpirtëror. Gjithashtu, tradita kulturore shfaqet si një element themelor në ndërtimin e identitetit kombëtar. Në përfundim, disertacioni dëshmon se, pavarësisht dallimeve të tyre, Solomosi dhe Frashëri konvergojnë në një strategji të përbashkët poetike, e cila synon formësimin dhe përforcimin e identitetit kombëtar. Studimi jep një kontribut të rëndësishëm në kuptimin e mekanizmave përmes të cilëve letërsia merr pjesë në ndërtimin e narrativave kombëtare.