Abstract
The wastewater treatment for irrigation purposes or for biosolids production for agricultural use, as soil conditioner or compost, is the goal of many researches. The current dissertation proposes an alternative wastewater treatment, using the natural phenols of gallic acid and tannic acid, under alkaline conditions, in order to produce biosolids and humic-like materials, highlighting a new and innovative role of phytochemical molecules in sustainable waste management.Initially, the structure and the physicochemical characteristics of biosolids produced in the municipal WWTPs of Amfissa, Delphi, Desfina, Galaxidi, Itea, Kyparissia and Nafpaktos were studied. The samples were characterized via ATR-FTIR and DRS UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques, their thermal stability was determined through TG/DTG analytical technique and their surface morphology was determined by SEM microscopy. The results showed that biosolids are non-porous materials, rich in organic matter (50-60%), with a great numb ...
The wastewater treatment for irrigation purposes or for biosolids production for agricultural use, as soil conditioner or compost, is the goal of many researches. The current dissertation proposes an alternative wastewater treatment, using the natural phenols of gallic acid and tannic acid, under alkaline conditions, in order to produce biosolids and humic-like materials, highlighting a new and innovative role of phytochemical molecules in sustainable waste management.Initially, the structure and the physicochemical characteristics of biosolids produced in the municipal WWTPs of Amfissa, Delphi, Desfina, Galaxidi, Itea, Kyparissia and Nafpaktos were studied. The samples were characterized via ATR-FTIR and DRS UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques, their thermal stability was determined through TG/DTG analytical technique and their surface morphology was determined by SEM microscopy. The results showed that biosolids are non-porous materials, rich in organic matter (50-60%), with a great number of characteristic groups. All samples showed similar chemical composition and were evaluated through their ATR-FTIR spectra, as materials with long aliphatic chains, N-rich aromatic character derived from primary and secondary amides.An important goal of the thesis was the investigation of the nature of gallic (GA) and tannic acid (TA), as well as the products obtained through their alkaline treatment (GA-GA, TA-TA), at pH≈10.5, under stirring and at ambient conditions. In the context of this study, potentiometric acid/base titrations and spectroscopic characterization via UV-Vis, ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR techniques were performed. GA showed different pKa in its titration curves, confirming the auto-polymerization/oligo-merization, which was indicated by the UV-Vis spectroscopic kinetic study of the mechanism of the alkaline treatment. In addition, the structural differences between GA and GA-GA at the ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR spectra showed that GA-GA is a material with aromatic structure, and an aliphatic part due to the partial ring-opening reactions. In contrast, TA showed the same pKa in both acid and base potentiometric titration curves, which is consistent with the UV-Vis spectra, in which their peaks refer only to the deprotonated groups of the polyphenol. 13C NMR spectroscopy of TA-TA strengthened the results of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy indicating the hydrolysis of TA to gallic acid and pyrogallol, due to the opening of the glucose ring caused by the alkaline treatment.The core of the study was the preparation and evaluation of biosolids from wastewater complexed with phytochemical molecules at COD-complexation agent ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, under alkaline conditions. The samples were taken from the WWTP of the municipality of Aigio. The characterization of the new biosolids was carried out through spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The results showed that GA compared to TA interacts more with the active groups of the wastewater because of the generation of GA free radicals. Therefore, GA was selected as the optimal complexing agent, capable to humificate the organic matter of the wastewater, due to the increase in the aromaticity degree of the sample. Biosolids were prepared in COD-GA ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4. The ratio of 1:1 was the best as it led to an increase of the aromaticity and the stability of biosolids, an increase in their specific surface area, presenting similar levels of inorganic load with the biosolids produced from wastewater treated without complexing agent. In addition, the 1:1 ratio causes a lower COD load of the Imhoff cone supernatant and can be considered more economical as it requires less phenol to form the "new biosolid".The second axis of the thesis was the extraction of humic acids from wastewater complexed by GA. The aim was to propose an alternative way of utilizing municipal wastewater and to understand the humification mechanism caused by GA. The isolated HA WW3-GA 1:1 and HA WW3-GA 1:2 humic acids were compared with a commercial humic acid sample and with humic acids from lignite and biosolids. HA WW3-GA 1:1 and HA WW3-GA 1:2 had the highest TOC percentage of 62 %, compared to HABS, HAcom and HAlign samples whose percentages ranged from 38 to 49 %. Their functional groups were determined through potentiometric base titrations, which showed pKa due to the existence of carboxyl groups, amino groups, phenols and thiols in their structure. Their aromaticity was calculated through 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy at 14.8 % and 17.7 %. The HA WW3-GA 1:1 and HA WW3-GA 1:2 samples were categorized to spectral type I of humic acids, based on their ATR-FTIR spectra, which in combination with fluorescent spectroscopy (EEM), confirmed their humic-like structure. Finally, the interaction between GA and the groups of the wastewater was suggested to occur through the integrated polyphenol-Maillard mechanism with the catalytic action of metal hydroxides contained in the solution of the wastewater. The alkaline treatment of either the phenol or the wastewater did not lead to the production of humic-like materials.In conclusion, phytochemical molecules have the potential to humificate the organic matrix of the wastewater, at different degree depending on their nature and the experimental conditions. So they can contribute to the reuse of municipal wastewater with the production of materials of added value for agricultural use.
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