Abstract
Introduction: Systematic monitoring of vaccination coverage (VC) is necessary to targetpublic health interventions. In Greece, childhood VC is not monitored routinely.Most of thecurrent knowledge on immunization uptake is based on two national population-basedsurveys conducted in 1997 and in 2001, using representative samples of children.Furthermore, there have not been any published studies to identify determinants ofvaccination uptake in the country. By identifying potential parental beliefs, barriers and socialfactors associated with underimmunization, modifications may be made in strategiesdesigned to ensure that more children receive all recommended vaccines. In 2006 and 2012,we conducted three cross-sectional studies to: i) estimate the VC among children in Greece(2006), ii) identify the potential effects of parental beliefs, perceived barriers andsocioeconomic characteristics on immunization status of children (2006) and iii) monitor thetrends in parental beleifs and attitudes t ...
Introduction: Systematic monitoring of vaccination coverage (VC) is necessary to targetpublic health interventions. In Greece, childhood VC is not monitored routinely.Most of thecurrent knowledge on immunization uptake is based on two national population-basedsurveys conducted in 1997 and in 2001, using representative samples of children.Furthermore, there have not been any published studies to identify determinants ofvaccination uptake in the country. By identifying potential parental beliefs, barriers and socialfactors associated with underimmunization, modifications may be made in strategiesdesigned to ensure that more children receive all recommended vaccines. In 2006 and 2012,we conducted three cross-sectional studies to: i) estimate the VC among children in Greece(2006), ii) identify the potential effects of parental beliefs, perceived barriers andsocioeconomic characteristics on immunization status of children (2006) and iii) monitor thetrends in parental beleifs and attitudes towards childhood vaccination (2006 and 2012).Methods: In all three surveys, we used stratified cluster sampling, among children attendingthe first year of the Greek Grammar school (about 6 years of age) and theirparents/guardians. All pupils in the selected clusters (school classes) provided theirvaccination booklet and their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire regarding beliefsand attitudes towards immunization.We calculated proportions,Risk Ratios (RR) and RiskDifferences(RD) allowing for the sampling designs.Results: In 2006 and 2012, 88% (N= 3878) and 80% (N=1004) of pupils, respectively,provided their vaccination booklet and their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire. Ofall participant children in 2006, 91%(95%CI 90–93) had received 5 doses of DTP, 77%(95%CI 75–80) 2 doses of MMR, 20% (95%CI 18–22) 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine by theage of 12 months, 72%(95%CI 70-74) 1 dose of meningitis-C vaccine and 13% (95%CI 4-6) 1dose of varicella vaccine. Furthermore, 64% (95%CI 61–66) had received all therecommended doses and vaccines and 52%(95%CI 50–55) had an age-appropriatevaccination status. Of all 1st doses of MMR and Hepatitis B vaccines, 70% (95%CI 67-72) and67% (95%CI 64-68) were administered in private practices, respectively. Parents/guardiansindicated a high degree of perceived necessity of immunization with the 99% agreeing thatvaccination is beneficial for their children. Belonging to a minority group (RR 0.53; 95%CI0.45-0.64, RR 0.41; 95%CI 0.32-0.53), having other siblings (RR 0.73; 95%CI 0.62-0.84, RR0.71; 95%CI 0.59-0.81), and perceiving long distance to immunization site as a barrier (RR0.93; 95%CI 0.86-1.01, RR 0.87; 95%CI 0.76-0.99) were independent predictors of bothcomplete and age-appropriate vaccination status, respectively. Maternal age ≥ 30 years (RR1.14; 95%CI 1.02-1.28) and the perception of less severity of vaccine preventable diseases(RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.85-0.99) were associated with complete vaccination, whereas paternaleducation of high school or higher (RR 1.13; 95%CI 1.03-1.24) was independent determinantof age-appropriate immunization. Between 2006 and 2012, no significant difference wasobserved in the poroportions of parents who agreed that vaccination was beneficial for theirchildren (99.3% vs 99.3%; RD -0.5%;95%CI:-1.0-0).However,the proportion of parents whowere afraid that vaccines may harm their children increased from 3.3% to 14.7% (RD +10.5%;95%CI 8.0-13.0), whereas the proportion of those with uncritical positive opinion onvaccination decreased by 19.9% (-23.9 to 15.8).The percentages of parents who perceivedunfriendly behavior of immunization staff or high costs, as major barriers to immunization,increased by 10.6% (95%CI 7.5-13.6) and 25.5%(95%CI 21.1-30.0), respectively.Conclusions: VC in Greece was high, although some problems were identified in specificvaccines and doses (MMR-2nd dose and delays in hepatitis B vaccination).The majority ofvaccines were administerd in private practices. Socioeconomic factors rather than parentalbeliefs and attitudes towards immunization explained incomplete childhood vaccination.Between 2006-2012, the proportion of parents with concerns about vaccination increased,possibly following the controversy over the 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine. Furthermore,there was an increase in the proportion of parents who consider health-care structural factorsas barriers to immunization. Comprehensive policies are warranted to overcome structuralbarriers to immunization, and identify effective approaches to enhance VC in high-risk groupsidentified in this study.
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