Οικονομικός γραμματισμός και στάσεις παιδιών με και χωρίς διαταραχή ελλειματικής προσοχής και υπερκινητικότητα (δεπυ) προς τη βιώσιμη προστασία του περιβάλλοντος
Περίληψη
ΕΚΤΕΤΑΜΕΝΗ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗΣ Χρηματοοικονομικός γραμματισμός και στάσεις παιδιών με και χωρίς Διαταραχή Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής και Υπερκινητικότητας (ΔΕΠ-Υ) απέναντι στη βιώσιμη προστασία του περιβάλλοντος Νοτιοδυτικό Πανεπιστήμιο «Neofit Rilski» – Blagoevgrad Σχολή Φιλοσοφίας – Τμήμα Ψυχολογίας Blagoevgrad, 2024 Εισαγωγή Ο χρηματοοικονομικός γραμματισμός και η επίγνωση των περιβαλλοντικών ζητημάτων αποτελούν κρίσιμες δεξιότητες στον σύγχρονο, σύνθετο και ψηφιοποιημένο κόσμο. Οι θετικές στάσεις απέναντι στη βιώσιμη προστασία του περιβάλλοντος είναι ουσιώδεις για την ευημερία της ανθρωπότητας, ενώ η ενίσχυση του χρηματοοικονομικού γραμματισμού και η καλλιέργεια περιβαλλοντικά υπεύθυνων στάσεων μπορούν να συμβάλουν στη βελτίωση της ποιότητας ζωής και της ασφάλειας των ανθρώπων. Για τον λόγο αυτό είναι σημαντικό να διερευνώνται τόσο το επίπεδο χρηματοοικονομικού γραμματισμού όσο και οι περιβαλλοντικές στάσεις ήδη από την παιδική ηλικία. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή επικεντ ...
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EXTENDED SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Financial literacy and attitudes of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) towards sustainable environmental protection South-West University “Neofit Rilski” – Blagoevgrad Faculty of Philosophy – Department of Psychology Blagoevgrad, 2024 Introduction Introduction Financial literacy and being aware of environmental issues are crucial skills in today's complex and digitalized world. Favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection are essential for the well-being of humanity. Improving financial literacy and promoting sustainable environmental attitudes can enhance people's quality of life and safety. Therefore, it is vital to examine the levels of financial literacy and environmental attitudes, especially in children who will carry these skills into adulthood. This study focuses on a specific demographic: children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Investigati ...
EXTENDED SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Financial literacy and attitudes of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) towards sustainable environmental protection South-West University “Neofit Rilski” – Blagoevgrad Faculty of Philosophy – Department of Psychology Blagoevgrad, 2024 Introduction Introduction Financial literacy and being aware of environmental issues are crucial skills in today's complex and digitalized world. Favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection are essential for the well-being of humanity. Improving financial literacy and promoting sustainable environmental attitudes can enhance people's quality of life and safety. Therefore, it is vital to examine the levels of financial literacy and environmental attitudes, especially in children who will carry these skills into adulthood. This study focuses on a specific demographic: children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Investigating the relationship between financial literacy and children's attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection is important for shaping not only the future of our planet but also the holistic development of young minds. By understanding the perspectives of children with ADHD compared to their neurotypical peers, this research aims to improve educational approaches that promote both financial understanding and environmental responsibility. As our world undergoes profound changes, understanding how financial literacy intersects with environmental attitudes among diverse groups of children is crucial for building a sustainable and fair future. This theme underscores the importance of responsible financial habits early in life. Financial literacy, including skills like budgeting and making informed financial decisions, is essential for navigating the global economy. Similarly, fostering environmental stewardship is vital for addressing challenges like climate change. This study aims to uncover how children, especially those with ADHD, perceive and engage with money management and environmental practices. Including children with ADHD in this study is important due to their unique cognitive traits. Understanding their approach to financial literacy and environmental concerns can inform educational strategies to accommodate diverse learning styles. Furthermore, grasping the intersection of financial literacy and environmental attitudes among children is crucial for designing comprehensive educational frameworks. The goal is not only to equip the next generation with financial skills but also to instill a commitment to environmental sustainability. The findings of this study can inform policies and practices that nurture a generation capable of balancing economic prudence with ecological responsibility. In light of this research, integrating economic courses into the curriculum of Greek schools becomes imperative. Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework of the dissertation is organized around four interrelated axes: sustainable development and environmental education, attitudes toward sustainable environmental protection, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and financial literacy. The theoretical discussion provides the basis for examining the relationships among financial knowledge, environmental attitudes, and neurodevelopmental characteristics in children. With regard to sustainable development, the dissertation examines its conceptual approach and development, its principles, characteristics, forms, and goals, as well as its place in education. It also addresses the global dimension of environmental education, its conceptual and historical foundations, applied teaching approaches, contemporary challenges, and the concept of environmental literacy. Education is regarded as a crucial field for cultivating skills and attitudes that can contribute to the development of responsible citizens. Regarding environmental attitudes, the dissertation adopts a broad understanding of attitude as a combination of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral components. It examines theories of attitude and behavior, environmental perception and knowledge, factors influencing attitude change, anthropocentric and ecocentric approaches, the relationship between attitudes and consumer habits, green consumption, barriers and motivations related to environmental behavior, and strategies for strengthening supportive environmental attitudes. A separate section is devoted to ADHD. It presents the definition, symptoms, main types, diagnostic criteria in childhood, causal factors, primary and secondary impacts on children's lives, comorbidity and differential diagnosis, as well as therapeutic, counseling, and psycho-educational interventions. The inclusion of children with ADHD in the study makes it possible to examine how different cognitive and neurodevelopmental characteristics are associated with financial literacy and attitudes toward the environment. Finally, the dissertation examines financial illiteracy and financial literacy, their historical background, contemporary forms, causes and consequences, ways of addressing financial illiteracy, and examples from different countries. It emphasizes that an inability to understand and manage financial matters can create problems at individual, social, and economic levels, while efforts to address this issue are associated with educational initiatives, government policies, and contributions from the private sector.Research Aims, Questions and Hypotheses 5.1. Research aims One purpose of the research is to explore and compare the attitudes of children with and without ADHD towards the environment and sustainable development. This research also aims to explore and compare the financial literacy of children with and without ADHD.Another purpose of the research is to establish if the attitudes of children with and without ADHD towards the environment and sustainable development are related to the extent to which they are financially illiterate. 5.2. Research problem One research question that arises is whether the attitudes of children (diagnosed or not with ADHD) towards sustainable protection of environment are favourable, also to what extent the children (diagnosed or not with ADHD) are financially illiterate and how their financial illiteracy is related to their attitudes regarding sustainable environmental protection. Another research question that arises is whether the children without ADHD differ significantly from the children diagnosed with ADHD in their attitudes towards sustainable protection of environment and in their financial literacy. 5.3. Research objectives The research objectives are: 1) to modify some existing measures of attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection and some existing measures of financial literacy to be appropriate for use among children with and without ADHD. 2) to explore the attitudes towards sustainable development and environmental protection of the children diagnosed with ADHD and to establish their degree of financial illiteracy and if their degree of financial illiteracy is related to their attitudes towards sustainable development and environmental protection. 3) to explore the attitudes towards sustainable development and environmental protection of the children non-diagnosed with ADHD and to establish their degree of financial illiteracy and if their degree of financial illiteracy is related to their attitudes towards sustainable development and environmental protection. 4) to compare the financial literacy and the attitudes towards sustainable protection of environment among the children non-diagnosed with ADHD and those children diagnosed with ADHD. 5.4. Research hypotheses It was supposed that the children without ADHD would adopt more environmentally friendly attitudes than the children diagnosed with ADHD. It was supposed that the children without ADHD would be more financially literate than the children diagnosed with ADHD. It was supposed that financial illiteracy of the children (diagnosed or not with ADHD) would be related to their attitudes regarding sustainable environmental protection. Methodology 5.5. Procedure Data were collected by means of administering several questionnaires face-to-face in order to be sure that children (especially those diagnosed with ADHD) would understand what they were asked to answer. 5.6. Sample The research was carried out in the schools in the cities of Pella prefecture (Edessa, Giannitsa, Skydra, Aridaia) in Greece. The sample consisted of 257 children. 121 children diagnosed with ADHD and 136 non diagnosed with ADHD. There were not any significant differences between the students in different school years in the number of students diagnosed with ADHD or not (see Figure 1; χ2 = 0.780, p = .677; Phi = 0.055).The children’s ages and school years varied with a standard deviation of 0.8 for both age and school year, so the variation of students’ age and school year coincided. Most children were in their third school year (N = 105, 40.9%). About one third were in their second school year (N = 83, 32.3%). Approximately one fourth of children were in their first year at school (N = 69, 26.8%). 5.7.1. Instruments for measuring attitudes related to sustainable environmental protectionSeveral questionnaires were selected as a research tool measuring attitudes related to sustainable environmental protection, and they were modified for the research purposes. The items chosen or modified from the questionnaires as comprehensive and appropriate for both children with and without ADHD are: The answers of the chosen items from these questionnaires were given on a 5-point scale forming a new composite questionnaire created for the goals of this PhD thesis to measure the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. Principal component analysis was performed for the items of this new composite questionnaire. KMO = 0.861 and Bartlett's Test = 2225.102, df = 231, p < .001 indicating that the results from factor analysis deserved to be interpreted. The extracted factor explained 30.9% of the variance of the items. All items had factor loading equal to or above 0.3. A total score was computed for the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. A higher score means more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (i.e., more favourable attitudes towards preservation and protection of environment, more favourable attitudes towards sustainable development, more favourable attitudes towards energy saving, less favourable attitude towards wasting products, more favourable attitudes towards the purchase, use and disposal of eco-friendly materials, higher environmental responsibility, higher ecocentric orientation toward the environment and nature - striving to be in harmony with nature, more favourable attitudes towards environmentally friendly behaviour and connectedness to nature, more favourable attitudes towards some biocentric values - the idea of nature protection, conservation and preservation as valuable and important, less favourable attitudes towards some anthropocentric values - the idea of the exploitation and utilization of natural resources). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of one-factor model – GFI = .944, i.e., above .92 as recommended by Schwarzer (1998). Cronbach’s alpha of all twenty-two items in the composite scale was .877, Mcdonald’s omega was .881, and the average interitem correlation was 0.248. Based on the answers on each item from 1 to 5, it was estimated that the scores from 22 to 54 indicated unfavourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. The scores from 55 to 77 indicated neutral attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection, and the scores from 78 to 110 indicated favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. 5.7.2. Instruments for measuring financial literacy In the internatiοnal scientific literature, variοus ways οf measuring financial literacy have been apprοached. The dοmains tested fοr financial literacy are: planning (Amagir et al., 2018; Taylοr & Wagland, 2011; Tοtenhagen et al. 2015; Vieira, 2012), investment (Amagir et al., 2018; Cull & Whittοn, 2011; Deepak et al., 2015; Furtuna, 2008; Lindsey-Talieferο et al., 2011; Lusardi, 2006; Taylοr & Wagland, 2011; Tοtenhagen et al., 2015), savings (Amagir et al., 2018; Chen & Vοlpe, 1998; Furtuna, 2008; Lindsey-Talieferο et al., 2011; Lusardi, 2006; Refera et al., 2016; Taylοr & Wagland, 2011; Tοtenhagen et al., 2015; Vieira, 2012), lending and insurance (Chen & Vοlpe, 1998; Furtuna, 2008; Lindsey-Talieferο et al., 2011; Refera et al., 2016), information finding, using and evaluating, solving numerical tasks and orientation in the legal system (Krechovská, 2015).Principal component analysis was performed for the items of this new composite questionnaire. KMO = 0.910 and Bartlett's Test = 1867.543, df = 91, p < .001 indicating that the results from factor analysis deserved to be interpreted. The extracted factor explained 40.4% of the variance of the items. All items had factor loading equal to or above 0.3. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of one-factor model – GFI = .915, i.e., above .9 as recommended by Hooper et al. (2008), Lages et al. (2018). Cronbach’s alpha of all 14 items in the composite scale measuring financial literacy was .879, Mcdonald’s omega was .885, and the average interitem correlation was 0.388. The total score on this scale may vary from 0 to 51 and a higher score indicates better financial literacy. The lowest third of the possible scores – from 0 to 17, mean poor financial literacy. The middle third of the possible scores – from 18 to 34, mean medium financial literacy. The highest third of the possible scores – from 35 to 51, mean good financial literacy. 5.7.3. Socio-demographic questions These questions are chosen or modified as comprehensive and appropriate for both children with and without ADHD from the source OECD (2022). One question was formulated relevant to the aims of the PhD thesis about diagnosis with ADHD. 5.8. Ethical issues Informed consent was obtained from the parents of children with and without ADHD for agreement their children to participate in this research. Informed consent was obtained from the children with and without ADHD for agreement to participate in this research. 5.9. Analysis of research data The statistical software SPSS 23.0 for Windows (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and the statistical software JASP 0.18.3.0 were used to process and analyse research data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the current state of the studied phenomena. Shapiro-Wilk criterion was used to check normality of distribution of data. Chi-square analysis and the non-parametric method Mann-Whitney U were used for group comparisons. Correlation analysis was used to establish the existence of some links between the studied variables. Factor analysis and reliability estimation were performed to assess the structure of the questionnaires. Results 6.1. Results regarding the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection The received scores on the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection varied between 37 and 106 with a mean score of 70.56 and standard deviation of 13.24. This indicates the average level of support for sustainable environmental protection across the sample and a greater variability in attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection within the sample. The scores on the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection were not normally distributed (Shapiro Wilk coefficient = 0.953, df = 257, p < .001). The results indicated prevalence of the neutral attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection, followed by the favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (see The items of the questionnaire measuring the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection created for the goals of this PhD thesis were focused on different components of the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection such as attitudes towards preservation and protection of environment, attitudes towards sustainable development, attitudes towards energy saving, attitudes towards wasting products, attitudes towards the purchase, use and disposal of eco-friendly materials, environmental responsibility, ecocentric orientation toward the environment and nature - striving to be in harmony with nature, attitudes towards environmentally friendly behaviour and connectedness to nature, attitudes towards some biocentric values - the idea of nature protection, conservation and preservation as valuable and important, attitudes towards some anthropocentric values - the idea of the exploitation and utilization of natural resources. The results are indicated in Table 3.6.1.1. Gender differences in the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection There were not any significant gender differences in the scores on the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Mann-Whitney U = 7504.500, p = .310).6.1.2. Correlations between age, school year and the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protectionAge advance correlated weakly positively with more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.256, p < .001, N = 257). The children who studied more school years had slightly more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.245, p < .001, N = 257).6.1.3. Differences between the students diagnosed with ADHD and the students non-diagnosed with ADHD in their attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection There were some significant differences in the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection between the students diagnosed with ADHD and the students who were not diagnosed with ADHD, so that the students with ADHD had more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection than the students without ADHD (see Table 3). The pupils who have been diagnosed with ADHD often scored higher when it comes to their views toward environmentally friendly practices. Less students non-diagnosed with ADHD than expected had favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection and more students non-diagnosed with ADHD than expected had unfavourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (see Table 4; χ2 (N = 257, df = 2) = 44.075, p < .001, Phi = .414, i.e., intermediate effect size, according to Ben-Shachar et al., 2023). More students diagnosed with ADHD than expected had favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection and less students diagnosed with ADHD than expected had unfavourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (see Table 4; χ2 (N = 257, df = 2) = 44.075, p < .001, Phi = .414, i.e., intermediate effect size, according to Ben-Shachar et al., 2023). 6.2. Results about Financial literacy The received scores on the Financial Literacy varied between 13 and 48 with a mean score of 27.16 and standard deviation of 9.02. The results indicated prevalence of the medium financial literacy, followed by good financial literacy (see Table 5). The vast majority of participants, 84%, did not get any kind of formal education in business, economics, or finance in school (see Figure 2). This highlights a possible vacuum in the education provided to students on financial literacy.6.2.1. Gender differences in financial literacyThere were some significant gender differences in the levels of financial literacy (see). The female students had higher financial literacy than male students. Gender differences in financial literacy have been established also among adults in different countries (Monticone, 2023).6.2.2. Age differences in financial literacyAge advance was related to higher financial literacy (Spearman’s rho = 0.148, p = .018, N = 257) expressed as being more educated in business, economics or finance (Spearman’s rho = 0.476, p < .001, N = 257), making daily decisions about own money (Spearman’s rho = 0.420, p < .001, N = 257), being able to split an amount of money equally among several people (Spearman’s rho = 0.380, p < .001, N = 257), being able to compute the lack of interest on a loan (Spearman’s rho = 0.310, p < .001, N = 257), having more knowledge about inflation (Spearman’s rho = 0.278, p < .001, N = 257), discussing more with own family about spending money (Spearman’s rho = 0.133, p = .033, N = 257). In order to improve financial literacy, our results underscore the necessity for focused educational interventions across a range of age groups and suggest a possible relationship between exposure to financial education and age. The research findings suggest the potential impact of educational progression on developing practical financial skills and awareness of consumer behavior. 6.2.3. School year differences in financial literacyMore years at school were related to higher financial literacy (Spearman’s rho = 0.144, p = .021, N = 257) expressed as being more educated in business, economics or finance (Spearman’s rho = 0.462, p < .001, N = 257), making daily decisions about own money (Spearman’s rho = 0.395, p < .001, N = 257), being able to split an amount of money equally among several people (Spearman’s rho = 0.385, p < .001, N = 257), being able to compute the lack of interest on a loan (Spearman’s rho = 0.306, p < .001, N = 257), having more knowledge about inflation (Spearman’s rho = 0.269, p < .001, N = 257).6.2.4. Differences between the students diagnosed with ADHD and the students non-diagnosed with ADHD in their financial literacy The students non-diagnosed with ADHD had better financial literacy than the students diagnosed with ADHD (see Table 7). More students non-diagnosed with ADHD than expected had good financial literacy, while the students diagnosed with ADHD had poor financial literacy more frequently than expected (see Table 8; χ2 (N = 257, df = 2) = 94.254, p < .001, Phi = .606, i.e., large effect size, according to Ben-Shachar et al., 2023). This emphasizes how crucial it is to take neurodevelopmental aspects into account when creating financial education curricula for pupils. The students non-diagnosed with ADHD more frequently than expected made daily decisions about own money, while the students diagnosed with ADHD less frequently than expected made daily decisions about own money, demonstrating poor financial literacy (see Table 9; χ2 (N = 257, df = 2) = 18.817, p < .001, Phi = .271, i.e., small effect size, according to Ben-Shachar et al., 2023).6.3. Correlations between the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection and financial literacy The correlation analysis revealed a negative weak correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = -0.213, p < .001, N = 257), indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with less favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. Partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for gender was week and negative, still indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with less favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = -0.187, p = .003, N = 254). Partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for age was week and negative, still indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with less favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = -0.247, p < .001, N = 254). Partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for school year was week and negative, still indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with less favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = -0.243, p < .001, N = 254). However, partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for all these variables - gender, age, school year, and being diagnosed with ADHD or not, revealed that higher financial literacy was associated with more favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.302, p < .001, N = 251). Partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for diagnosis with ADHD was moderate and positive, indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with more favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.362, p < .001, N = 254). Discussion DISCUSSION The results indicated prevalence of the neutral attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (50.2%) among the studied Greek children. This implies that a sizable fraction of the sample did not exhibit any clear preference pro or against environmental sustainability. About 1/3rd of the studied children had favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (33.5%). This suggests that a significant segment of them endorsed eco-friendly behaviours, environmentally friendly practices. Approximately 1/6th of students (16.3%) had unfavourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. The hypothesis that the children without ADHD would adopt more environmentally friendly attitudes than the children diagnosed with ADHD was partly supported by the research findings only concerning energy saving. It was found that the students with ADHD (Mean rank = 162.86) had more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection as a whole (Mann-Whitney U = 4131.000, p < .001) than the students without ADHD (Mean rank = 98.88). More students with ADHD had favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (45.5%) than the students without ADHD who had favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (22.8%). The findings indicate that the studied children with ADHD had more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection expressed as connectedness to nature, preservation of environment, tourism that protects environment, environmental responsibility, environmental education, environmental protection actions, ecocentric orientation, supporting more biocentric and less anthropocentric values that underlie sustainable development than the children without ADHD. However, the studied children without ADHD expressed more favourable attitudes towards energy saving and use of eco-friendly materials than the children with ADHD. The findings indicate some notable differences in the attitudes of pupils with and without an ADHD diagnosis regarding energy conservation. The causes for these variations, such as attention span, environmental awareness, or any other factors, might be the subject of further research. The results emphasize how critical it is to take into account the individual differences—like an ADHD diagnosis—when attempting to comprehend and modify pupils' attitudes toward their surroundings. Concerning financial literacy, the results indicated prevalence of the medium financial literacy (60.3%), followed by good financial literacy (21.8%) and poor financial literacy among 17.9% of the sample. The second hypothesis that the children without ADHD would be more financially literate than the children diagnosed with ADHD was supported by the research findings. The students non-diagnosed with ADHD (Mean rank = 186.67) had better financial literacy (Mann-Whitney U = 385.500, p < .001) than the students diagnosed with ADHD (Mean rank = 64.19). More students non-diagnosed with ADHD (39.7%) had good financial literacy than the students diagnosed with ADHD did (1.7%). Poorer financial literacy of students with ADHD found in this study corresponds to some previous research findings that the students with ADHD had poorer school performance (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Panhellenic Association of People with ADHD, 2020; Papageorgiou, 2005) than their peers non – diagnosed with ADHD.The results from the current research supported the hypothesis that financial illiteracy of the children (diagnosed or not with ADHD) would be related to their attitudes regarding sustainable environmental protection. The correlation analysis revealed a negative weak correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = -0.213, p < .001, N = 257), indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with less favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. However, partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection, controlled for gender, age, school year, and being diagnosed with ADHD or not, revealed that higher financial literacy was associated with more favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.302, p < 0.001, N = 251). Partial correlation between financial literacy and the children’s attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection controlled for diagnosis with ADHD was moderate and positive, indicating that higher financial literacy was associated with more favorable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection (Spearman’s rho = 0.362, p < .001, N = 254). The results corresponded to the findings in the scientific literature that financial issues are related to environmental sustainability (Ozili, 2023), financial literacy could contribute to environmental sustainability (Katini & Amalanathan, 2022), economic decisions could contribute to harm or protect the nature. Limitations LIMITATIONS In spite of the fact that these results give valuable information, it is essential to be aware that there are a number of restrictions placed on the study. Some limitations of the current study were related to the sample size, because the sample was not representative for all Greek children from the different regions of Greece. Social desirability could also have influenced on the results, but as some items measuring financial literacy required demonstrating knowledge about inflation or financial skills for computing interest rate on a loan or distributing evenly some money between several people, then this instrument could be less influenced by the participants’ intentions. Conclusions CONCLUSIONS The in-depth analysis of the data offers nuanced insights on the intersection of gender, age, educational experiences, neurodevelopmental features, financial literacy, and the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection. Specifically, the study focuses on how these variables interact with one another. The interventions within financial education programs should be targeted to the individual student's specific needs. The correlation between age and education in business, economics, or finance demonstrates the influence that a person's level of formal education has on the amount of financial literacy that they possess. The fact that persons in the older age group have a larger proportion of individuals with such education demonstrates the function that educational exposure plays in the development of one's financial awareness. It is crucial to incorporate teachings on personal finance in the curriculum of children of all ages. This is especially true for younger children. The large variations in the levels of financial literacy acquired by students with ADHD and those without the disorder are evidence of the essential role that neurodevelopmental variables play in determining the degree to which a person is knowledgeable about finances. These discrepancies shed light on the significant part that neurodevelopmental factors play in influencing the amount of financial literacy possessed by an individual. The considerable association highlights how vital it is for educational programs in the field of finance to take into consideration individual characteristics, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), amongst other disorders. It is essential, in order to promote financial literacy in an inclusive manner, to create interventions in order to meet a variety of cognitive profiles. This is because different people have different strengths and weaknesses in this area. Filling up any information gaps and putting more of an emphasis on the neurodevelopmental components of the process might make financial literacy training more successful. The students who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are more likely to assess the level of their financial knowledge as being extremely poor. This may have an effect on the amount of confidence they have when it comes to issues that are associated with money. This conclusion underlines how important it is for participants in financial education programs to be encouraged to have a balanced and positive picture of themselves. Nowadays, there is also a need for training that is more precisely focused in the area of digital financial literacy. The results as a whole indicate that programs in the field of financial education had to be adapted to meet the characteristics of particular demographic groups. One of the many reasons why it is essential to promote financial literacy is because of the connections between economic literacy and a variety of perspectives about the maintenance of the environment. Due to the complex nature of the links between ecology and the financial system, there is an increased need for comprehensive financial education programs that take into account environmental factors. Further research that investigates the influence of cultural and socioeconomic aspects on financial literacy and the attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection may lead to a more in-depth comprehension of the subject matter. Further longitudinal research may investigate the long-term effect of early financial literacy education and environmental awareness on the behavior of individuals, particularly those with ADHD. The development of financial literacy is becoming not just an educational need but also a social imperative as we navigate a financial world that is ever more complex. This is because financial markets are becoming more interconnected and interdependent. The formation of favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection is necessary for survival of human beings. Education focused both on achieving better financial literacy and more favourable attitudes towards sustainable environmental protection may facilitate people to make their life more comfortable and safer. Scientific Contributions SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS The scientific contributions of the present research investigating the topic "Financial literacy and attitudes of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) towards sustainable environmental protection" are multifaceted and have implications for both academic research and practical applications. Two questionnaires have been created (one for measuring attitudes related to sustainable environmental protection in children and another for measuring financial literacy in children) by means of use or modification of some items from other questionnaires applied for adults. Both research tools have high internal consistency and good construct validity established by means of factor analysis and group comparisons, so they could be used in further studies to measure attitudes related to sustainable environmental protection and financial literacy in children. The study contributes to the understanding of how neurodiversity, specifically ADHD, can affect the development of financial literacy in children. By comparing the attitudes and behaviors of children with ADHD to their neurotypical peers, research provides nuanced insights into the intersection of neurodevelopmental disorders and financial skills. This depth of understanding is essential for educators, policymakers, and parents in tailoring financial literacy programs that accommodate diverse cognitive profiles and foster equitable learning opportunities. By unravelling the impact of ADHD on financial literacy, this study not only enriches our theoretical understanding of the intersection between neurodevelopmental disorders and financial skills but also lays the groundwork for practical interventions that promote inclusive and effective financial education for all children. The study sheds light on the environmental attitudes of children with ADHD, offering a new perspective on how such individuals perceive and engage in sustainable practices. This contributes to the wider debate on the factors influencing pro-environmental behaviours. The findings provide a basis for developing targeted educational interventions that address the diverse needs of children, including those with ADHD. This could lead to the design of curriculum adaptations and teaching strategies that enhance environmental awareness for all students, regardless of neurodiversity. In summary, the study makes valuable scientific contributions by advancing our understanding of the complex relationships between financial literacy, neurodiversity, and attitudes toward sustainable environmental protection, with implications for education, policy, and the well-being of future generations.
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Πηγή: Google Analytics.
ΞΕΦΥΛΛΙΣΜΑΤΑ
Αφορά στο άνοιγμα του online αναγνώστη για την χρονική περίοδο 07/2018 - 07/2023.
Πηγή: Google Analytics.
Πηγή: Google Analytics.
ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΤΩΣΕΙΣ
Αφορά στο σύνολο των μεταφορτώσων του αρχείου της διδακτορικής διατριβής.
Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών.
Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών.
ΧΡΗΣΤΕΣ
Αφορά στους συνδεδεμένους στο σύστημα χρήστες οι οποίοι έχουν αλληλεπιδράσει με τη διδακτορική διατριβή. Ως επί το πλείστον, αφορά τις μεταφορτώσεις.
Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών.
Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών.
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