Περίληψη
In the present work, several characteristics of the Cyprian honeybee Apis
mellifera cypria were examined, with particular emphasis on its defensive behaviour during
natural or simulated attacks by its main enemy, the oriental hornet. Firstly, genetic
analyses using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA were performed and showed that in a
large part of the island, the Cyprus honeybee population is genetically homogeneous.
Regarding the growth of colonies over the year, the maximum growth was observed in May and
the minimum in August, and this characteristic pattern differs from that of other
subspecies. Next, the defensive behaviour of individual colonies against hornets, the way
honeybees kill invading hornets and the sound produced by defending workers, were
investigated in detail. Analysis of data collected, showed two different patens of defensive
behaviour by individual colonies. When attacking hornets a ...
In the present work, several characteristics of the Cyprian honeybee Apis
mellifera cypria were examined, with particular emphasis on its defensive behaviour during
natural or simulated attacks by its main enemy, the oriental hornet. Firstly, genetic
analyses using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA were performed and showed that in a
large part of the island, the Cyprus honeybee population is genetically homogeneous.
Regarding the growth of colonies over the year, the maximum growth was observed in May and
the minimum in August, and this characteristic pattern differs from that of other
subspecies. Next, the defensive behaviour of individual colonies against hornets, the way
honeybees kill invading hornets and the sound produced by defending workers, were
investigated in detail. Analysis of data collected, showed two different patens of defensive
behaviour by individual colonies. When attacking hornets approached the hive, defending
workers in certain colonies avoided confrontation with the enemy and retreated inside the
hive, while in other colonies, defending honeybees moved towards the hornet and massively
attacked it if it tried to catch and kill a honeybee. It was observed, that the two types of
defensive behaviour were related to the form of propolis barrier erected at the entrance of
the hive. An up to now unknown mechanism by which Cyprus honeybees kill an attacking hornet
was revealed after careful examination and analysis of data collected: 50 to 250 workers,
cluster around the hornet forming a ball and by immobilizing the abdominal segments, they
block the respiratory process causing asphyxiation. xiii Defending honeybees produced a very
sharp sound (hissing) when attacked by hornets. This sound was recorded in numerous cases
and analysed using appropriate software. The results showed that both the dominant
frequencies and the amplitude of constituting harmonics were extremely high and beyond the
spectrum of respective frequencies recorded for other western honeybee subspecies or for
other species of social bees. Collectively, the above results showed the special defensive
behaviour of the Cyprus honeybee, a behaviour which is quite different from other subspecies
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