Numerical investigation of air vehicle noise propagation effects

Abstract

The growth that aviation has seen in the last decades has drawn the attention on the environmental impact of aircraft. An important part of this environmental impact is the noise emitted by air vehicles, which is considered rather significant for community annoyance. The generation and propagation of air vehicle noise are two different areas of interest, which require accurate prediction in order to control the emitted noise levels. The present thesis employs numerical methods in order to investigate various air vehicle noise propagation effects. It is divided in two parts: the far field and the near field study. Each of these studies is concentrated on the sound propagation mechanisms that are dominant for each case and uses a numerical method that is best suited for it in terms of mechanisms incorporated and cost effectiveness. The far-field study of this thesis focuses on the nonlinear propagation of helicopter rotor noise using the Burgers equation, a well known one direction propagation method. The Burgers equation incorporates geometrical spreading, atmospheric absorption and nonlinear distortion effects. Towards this study, the HELISHAPE descent case experimental database is used. Blade Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise, the dominant noise contributor during descent, is mainly examined. It is shown that advancing side BVI noise is affected by nonlinear distortion, while retreating side BVI noise is not. For some frequency bands the difference between linear and nonlinear calculations can be as high as 7 dB. Based on signal characteristics at source, two quantities are derived. The first quantity (termed polarity) is based on the pressure gradient of the source signal and can be used to determine whether a BVI signal will evolve as an advancing or a retreating side signal. The second quantity (termed weighted rise time) is a measure of the impulsiveness of the BVI signal and can be used to determine at which frequency nonlinear effects start to appear. Finally, polarity and weighted rise time are shown to be applicable in cases of BVI noise generated from different blade tips, as well as, in cases of non-BVI noise. However, employment of the Burgers equation can be time consuming to be included in routine calculations. It also requires knowledge of the initial pressure time signal. The power spectrum alone, which is usually known, is not sufficient. In order to ii overcome these difficulties, three prediction methods are presented that are based on the Burgers equation. These are: i) a numerically generated database, ii) correlation equations and iii) the phase assignment method. Near field propagation of air vehicle noise requires different treatment than far field. The effects which are mainly affecting the propagation are geometrical spreading, convection and refraction effects due to the flow field, as well as reflections and diffraction on the air vehicle surfaces. Towards these objectives, a new low-order flow/acoustics interaction method for the prediction of sound propagation and diffraction in unsteady compressible flow using adaptive 3-D hybrid grids is investigated. The total field is decomposed into the flow field described by the Euler equations, and the acoustics field described by the Nonlinear Perturbation equations. The method is shown capable of predicting monopole sound propagation, while employment of acoustics-guided adapted grid refinement improves the accuracy of capturing the acoustic field. Interaction of sound with solid boundaries is also examined in terms of reflection and diffraction. Sound propagation through an unsteady flow field is examined using static and dynamic flow/acoustics coupling demonstrating the importance of the latter. Proof of concept for the new method is provided by its application to the case of a conventional jet transport airplane, examining the effect of flow field and wing shielding on the near field noise levels. During the aforementioned noise investigation and analysis, results on Blade Wake Interaction (BWI) noise were also reached. Presently, the mechanism of BWI noise generation, as well as the corresponding prediction model, are still under consideration. Helicopter rotor BWI noise is known to be significant during take-off and level flight, while less attention has been given to descent flight conditions, where BVI noise is dominant. Through signal analysis of the HELISHAPE descent case acoustic database, the rotor azimuthal region responsible for BWI noise is localized and the dominance of BVI noise in the BWI frequency region is shown. Coherence analysis of the blade pressure data indicate significant chordwise coherence in the 3 to 4 Struhal number range and absence of acoustic dipoles in the BWI frequency range. The findings of this study support BWI prediction models based on Amiet’s theory and suggest that BWI noise can be ignored for predictions of rotor noise in descent flight conditions.